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@list l4:level3
	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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@list l5:level1
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@list l5:level3
	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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@list l5:level4
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@list l5:level5
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@list l5:level6
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@list l5:level9
	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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@list l6
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@list l6:level1
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@list l6:level3
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@list l6:level6
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@list l6:level8
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@list l7
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@list l7:level1
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@list l7:level3
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@list l7:level5
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@list l7:level6
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@list l9:level9
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@list l10:level1
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@list l10:level7
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@list l10:level9
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ol
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ul
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-->
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table.Sombreadoclaro1FirstRow
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table.Sombreadoclaro1LastRow
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table.Sombreadoclaro1FirstCol
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table.Sombreadoclaro1OddColumn
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table.Sombreadoclaro1OddRow
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<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in'>

<div class=WordSection1>

<h1 align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:115%'><a
name="_Toc366717732"><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:18.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;
mso-fareast-language:ES;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>RESPONSIVIDAD,
CALIDAD INFORMATIVA Y LA OFERTA POLÍTICA EN LA PUBLICIDAD ELECTORAL. UNA
PROPUESTA DE ANÁLISIS DEL SPOT TELEVISIVO.<o:p></o:p></span></a></h1>

<span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717732'></span>

<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Luis F.
Sánchez Murillo<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Universidad de Guadalajara</span><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:
ES'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;
mso-fareast-language:ES'>Resumen<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Diversos estudios se
han interesado en la publicidad electoral televisiva en México. En su mayoría
estos han descrito las técnicas utilizadas por los partidos en los anuncios, pero
no han ofrecido un análisis que permita evaluar su contenido (en particular, la
presencia de propuestas) desde una perspectiva democrática. </span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>El
objetivo de este estudio consiste en for<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>mular un modelo que permita evaluar la calidad informativa de la
publicidad electoral televisiva desde una </span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'>perspectiva procedimental de la
democracia de calidad, en particular, se propone el concepto de responsividad
como elemento central de análisis, pero no exclusivo. El estudio utiliza como
técnica de investigación el análisis de contenido restringido al componente
verbal.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Palabras clave</span></i></b><span
lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-fareast-language:ES'>: publicidad política, democracia
de calidad, campañas electorales, spots políticos, responsividad.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES'>Several
studies have interested in the television campaign advertising in Mexico.
Mostly they have described the techniques used by the parties in the ads, but
have not provided an analysis to assess its content (in particular, the
presence of proposals) from a democratic perspective. The aim of this study is
to develop a model to assess the quality of information of the television campaign
advertising from a procedural perspective of quality democracy, in particular
the concept of responsiveness is proposed as a central element of analysis, but
not exclusive. The study used as research technique content analysis restricted
to verbal component.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:ES'>Palabras clave</span></i></b><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES'>:</span></i><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
ES'> political advertising, quality of democracy, electoral campaigns,
political spots, responsiveness. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

</div>

<b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
ES;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;
mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span></b>

<div class=WordSection2>

<h2><a name="_Toc366717733"><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:
ES'>Introducción</span></a><a name="_Toc366717734"></a><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>

<p class=MsoNoSpacing><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span
lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-fareast-language:
ES'>Tal vez no sea exagerado argumentar que en años recientes surgió un interés
por estudiar la publicidad electoral televisiva; particularmente las campañas
electorales presidenciales de 2006 desataron una mayor discusión respecto a la
utilización de esta herramienta comunicacional (en la academia, la clase
política y medios de comunicación). Si bien estas campañas no significaron la
primera vez que se acudió a las autoridades electorales con el objetivo de
sacar del aire </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:ES'>anuncios televisivos por considerar ilegales
ciertos contenidos, tal vez sí constituyó la primera vez en la historia
reciente de los procesos electorales en México que se recurrió a éstas de
manera tan reiterada; se cuestionó la llamada “publicidad negativa” o
“propaganda negra”, y la intervención de particulares en las campañas mediante
la contratación de tiempos en medios para influir en las preferencias
electorales (Sánchez y Aceves, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;
line-height:150%'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:
ES'>La preocupación por la utilización y los respectivos efectos de la
publicidad electoral difundida durante las campañas electorales en México es
una cuestión relativamente reciente</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.</span></span><a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn1' href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[1]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> Su estudio apenas
alcanza los 17 años desde el texto pionero publicado por Eulalio Ferrer en
1995, titulado</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:ES'> De la lucha
de clases a la lucha de frases.</span></i></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>La utilización de la publicidad electoral televisiva
en México ha despertado el interés de los investigadores en diversas temáticas:
estrategias y técnicas persuasivas en la publicidad electoral (Gómez, 2002;
Torres, 2002; Contreras, 2006; Juárez, 2007; 2009; 2009a; 2012; López, 2007;
Chihu, 2010); la utilización de técnicas o estrategias negativas (Gutiérrez,
2007; Lugo, 2010); los efectos de la publicidad electoral en las preferencias
y/o percepciones de los electores (Moreno, 2003; 2009; Sánchez, 2007; Aceves y
Sánchez, 2006; 2008; Salazar, 2008; Sánchez y Aceves, 2008; Beltrán, 2009;
Freidenberg y González, 2009; Espino, 2009; Pérez, 2009; Guerrero y Arellano,
2012); valores difundidos en los spots (Márquez, 2003); el uso de emociones
(Vega, 2000); la relación entre la reforma electoral de 2007-2008 y publicidad
difundida durante las campañas (Juárez, 2009b; 2010; Langston, 2009; Luna,
2009; 2011; Temkin y Salazar, 2010); Echeverría y Juárez (2011) proponen un
modelo para evaluar los spots de acuerdo con criterios democráticos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Los temas con mayor interés por parte de los
investigadores han sido los referentes a las estrategias y técnicas persuasivas
utilizadas por los partidos y candidatos, y los efectos de los mensajes
televisivos en las preferencias electorales o en las percepciones de los
electores respecto a los candidatos. Estos temas pueden dividirse de otro modo
si seguimos el criterio propuesto por Harold D. Lasswell en relación a los
cinco tipos clásicos de estudios de comunicación, en este caso, destacan dos
tipos: los estudios de contenido y los de efectos. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:ES'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Una buena
parte de dichos estudios se ha interesado en advertir qué información se
difunde (¿temas o candidatos?); cómo se presentan a los electores (¿qué
estrategias adoptan?); y sus posibles efectos en el comportamiento de los
electores (¿cómo y a quiénes influyen?). Por otro lado, es </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>preciso subrayar que la observación y análisis
de la parte propositiva de los mensajes -esto es, la oferta programática de los
candidatos-, no ha merecido una mayor atención por parte de los investigadores.
P</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:
ES'>oco o nada se ha escrito en relación a una cuestión igualmente relevante:
¿e</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>n qué medida las propuestas políticas difundidas en
los spots electorales se acercan a los deseos (o preferencias) de los
ciudadanos? La pregunta es pertinente porque una de las mayores críticas
esgrimidas contra los spots electorales es que éstos aportan poco al debate
público durante las campañas respecto a los problemas de carácter público, las
políticas propuestas para atenderlos y sus consecuencias; en última instancia
existe una percepción (u opinión compartida por algunos) de que las ofertas de
los candidatos no se acercan a las preferencias de los votantes. </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:ES'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>Los
estudios que han realizado análisis de contenido de la publicidad electoral
televisiva en México si bien han descrito las técnicas utilizadas por los
partidos en los mensajes (además de explicar, por supuesto, la naturaleza y
características de este canal de comunicación y del marketing político), no han
ofrecido un análisis que permita evaluar la calidad de los mensajes
publicitarios de los políticos durante las campañas electorales desde una
mirada más cercana a los principios y valores democráticos, salvo </span>Echeverría
y Juárez (2011).<span style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en formular un
modelo que permita evaluar la calidad informativa de la publicidad electoral televisiva
desde una<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> </i></span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc366717734'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'>perspectiva
procedimental de la democracia de calidad, en particular, se propone el
concepto de <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>responsividad</i> como elemento
central, pero no exclusivo.</span></span><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;
line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo11'><![if !supportLists]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
ES'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span></b><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Propuesta
metodológica<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Si bien un mensaje publicitario no
constituye el medio privilegiado para debatir una propuesta política (Hansen
&amp; Benoit, 2002), particularmente por resultar limitado en cuanto a la
presentación y profundización de la misma (Johnston, 2001). Diversos estudios
norteamericanos dan cuenta de la presencia de temas o propuestas políticas en
la publicidad electoral televisiva. Inclusive hay quienes sostienen que los
candidatos sí difunden propuestas más que promover la imagen de los candidatos,
al menos en Estados Unidos (Kaid y Johnston, 2001). Otros investigadores
afirman </span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>que los electores aprenden más de la publicidad política
televisiva que de las noticias, cuestión en la que coinciden tanto McClure,
Patterson y Devlin (Devlin, 1992)</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-TRAD'>, Freedman, Franz y Goldstein (2004), Brians y Wattenberg (citado por
Goldstein &amp; Ridout, 2004). A este respecto Kaid (2004) señala que si bien
existen estudios que indican un mayor aprendizaje de los electores sobre temas
políticos por la exposición a spots televisivos que por la exposición a los
noticieros o debates, (o bien, que son mejores predictores de los niveles de
información política), no todos los estudios son conclusivos en ese sentido.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Una de las mayores (y primeras)
sorpresas de la investigación de la publicidad electoral televisiva es el
hallazgo de que ésta hace un excelente trabajo en comunicar información,
particularmente temas, a pesar de la exposición selectiva partidaria de los
electores (Kaid, 2004). Uno de los mayores efectos de la publicidad electoral
en los electores es la identificación del nombre del candidato (que es el
equivalente al reconocimiento del nombre de una marca en el ámbito comercial),
del mismo modo que influye en los niveles de recordamiento de los electores
sobre ciertos temas de campaña y las posiciones políticas de los candidatos. De
acuerdo con Kaid (2004) existen diferencias en los tipos y niveles de información
recordados en los spots. Éstos pueden estructurarse en cierto modo por el
‘entrenamiento cognitivo’ de los electores en cuanto a lo que pueden encontrar
en los spots y por la especificidad de sus búsquedas. Entonces, que la
publicidad electoral resulte limitada para presentar una propuesta, no
significa en modo alguno que los candidatos desestimen el uso de los anuncios
electorales para colocar en la agenda temas de interés público, o ciertas
propuestas políticas. Es preciso señalar que los spots pueden ser eficaces para
colocar temas de interés general (Hansen &amp;Benoit, 2002), del mismo modo que
propuestas políticas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Desde luego la publicidad
electoral televisiva no es el único medio del que disponen los políticos para
dirigir sus mensajes y propuestas políticas a los electores, pero sí representa
una de las principales, pues les permite conectar de manera directa e
independiente del tratamiento informativo de los medios (Maarek, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>De los estudios interesados
analizar los contenidos de la publicidad electoral, algunos han utilizado la
categoría de ‘temas’ (<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>issues</i>) para
identificar la presencia de asuntos políticos (preocupaciones, problemas, temas
de interés general y propuestas políticas) en contraposición a la imagen del
candidato, la cual suele referirse a las características personales del
político, tanto físicas como ideológicas, o la experiencia en el gobierno,
entre otras (en términos generales, se refiere a su presentación frente a los
electores). Las metodologías que han utilizado este tipo de categorías han
tenido como finalidad, entre otras cuestiones, identificar qué privilegian los anuncios:
la personalidad del candidato o <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>issues</i>
(temas, propuestas o ideologías) de los actores políticos. No es el caso de
este trabajo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Otros estudios no han analizado la
publicidad electoral televisiva desde un enfoque procedimental de la democracia
de la calidad, precisamente el instrumento elaborado aquí para medir la Calidad
Informativa de la Publicidad Electoral Televisiva (CIPET) tiene como fundamento
el concepto de responsividad<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>, </i>dimensión
propia de la calidad de la democracia, se interesa en la oferta programática de
los actores políticos en la publicidad electoral televisiva. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>De acuerdo con Powell (2004) la
responsividad puede ser entendida como el grado en que “los gobernantes, los
políticos y líderes actúan de acuerdo con las preferencias de los ciudadanos”;
explica que la correspondencia entre las políticas deseadas por los ciudadanos
y los resultados del gobierno, no necesariamente la significan, pues ésta puede
deberse a la buena fortuna, o bien, a condiciones favorables del ambiente.
Tampoco puede depender de la benevolencia de los elaboradores de políticas. Más
bien la responsividad requiere, continúa Powell (2004), de arreglos institucionales
sistemáticos, particularmente en las elecciones, los cuales realmente produzcan
conexiones entre los ciudadanos y aquellos que elaboran políticas públicas en
su nombre; refiere al menos tres medios a través de los cuales la responsividad
puede ser producida: 1) el desencanto sistemático de los elaboradores de
políticas irresponsables puede estimular o instigar a los sucesores a
anticiparse y realizar los deseos de los electores; 2) la elección directa, es
decir, el mantenimiento de promesas de los gobiernos comprometidos públicamente
a realizar las políticas deseadas por los ciudadanos, y; 3) la elección
múltiple, en la que los partidos representativos sirven o funcionan como
agentes, comprometidos a negociar o favorecer las políticas preferidas por
grupos específicos de la sociedad.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>La responsividad es un proceso
complejo, la cual puede ser descrita como una especie de cadena conformada por
cuatro eslabones vinculados unos con otros de manera causal, las etapas son:
las preferencias de los ciudadanos; el comportamiento electoral; la selección
de los hacedores de políticas (o bien, los resultados de la elección, o la
formación del gobierno) y; las políticas públicas y sus resultados.</span><a
style='mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[2]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>De los tres vínculos que conforman
la cadena de la responsividad, es del interés del presente trabajo analizar el
primero, el cual Powell denomina como ‘la estructuración de las opciones’, y
está constituido por la primera y segunda etapa (las preferencias de los
ciudadanos y su comportamiento electoral). Entonces para determinar el grado de
proximidad o conexión entre ambos es preciso observar: las ofertas de los
políticos, y por otro lado,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>las
preferencias de los ciudadanos. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>El problema reside en (cómo)
definir o determinar lo que quieren los ciudadanos, y por el otro, un sistema
de partidos que haga posible la expresión de las preferencias de los ciudadanos
(Powell, 2004). De acuerdo con el autor, debe existir al menos un partido o
candidato que ofrezca una alternativa más cercana a los deseos de los
ciudadanos, o de lo contrario la cadena se rompe (2004),<a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn3' href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[3]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a>
es conveniente advertir que el trabajo no analiza cómo ocurre esto, sino que
observa sólo una parte del concepto de la responsividad, esto es, el
concerniente a las ofertas políticas de los candidatos en los spots televisivos
difundidos durante las campañas, esto es,<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>
</i>un candidato o partido es más responsivo en la medida que refiere más
asuntos públicos (particularmente propuestas políticas) en su publicidad
electoral, a diferencia de otro que no lo hace.<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>De acuerdo con Bartolini, si se
desea producir responsividad en los liderazgos, se requiere que los electores
puedan diferenciar las ofertas políticas.</span><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn4'
href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[4]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> Para tomar una decisión, el
elector debe percibir las diferencias entre los partidos/candidatos en términos
de énfasis, prioridad y desempeño (2002: 95).</span><a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn5' href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[5]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> <span lang=ES-TRAD>Esto es, la oferta de un partido
debe diferenciarse de la presentada por otros competidores y ser percibida
claramente así por los electores. No sólo eso sostiene Bartolini, la clara
diferencia de ofertas políticas difundidas a los electores permite que se
produzca otra condición de la responsividad, esto es, la vulnerabilidad, es
decir que las reacciones del gobierno y los partidos de oposición se anticipen
a las respuestas de los electores, que exista una relación entre las respuestas
de éstos y las ofertas diferenciadas. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Ahora
bien, si las ofertas no son diferenciadas o los electores no pueden percibir
las diferencias entre éstas, señala Bartolini, los electores castigarán o
recompensarán con su voto a los partidos y políticos pero no producirán responsividad.
Entonces las ofertas electorales deben permitir al elector decidir, con el
objeto de que todo el proceso sea inteligible para los electores y la élite
política. Para el autor, cualquiera que sean las ofertas de los partidos: 1)
éstas deben diferenciarse de otros partidos, y 2) ser claramente percibidos por
los electores. La diferenciación de políticas o posiciones sobre temas entre
los partidos, y la visibilidad y claridad de esas diferencias para los
electores es lo que se denomina determinabilidad (Bartolini, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Siguiendo estas ideas se
estableció que un spot electoral es de mayor calidad informativa en la medida
que su contenido está orientado a asuntos públicos, </span><span lang=ES
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES'>ya sea que adopte una de las tres orientaciones o
estrategias discursivas</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>:
la primera, mediante la narración o descripción de un problema; la segunda, a
través de declarar promesas, o plantear temas (caracterizadas por un alto grado
de abstracción); una tercera, presentando propuestas, las cuales se pueden
cristalizar en (instrumentos) de políticas públicas, también con diversos
grados de especificidad. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Por tanto, una elección es de
mayor calidad informativa en tanto: 1) los partidos o candidatos discutan o
refieran más temas de interés general (responsabilidad), y, en consecuencia; 2)
una razonable cantidad de ofertas políticas, de acuerdo a las limitaciones del
tiempo de una campaña, y 3) en la medida en que éstas se distingan unas de
otras (determinabilidad). <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Lo dicho por Powell (2004) y
Bartolini (2002) no sólo permite establecer criterios y dimensiones para medir
la calidad de las campañas en general, sino de las ofertas de los políticos. En
el que la responsividad se erige como valor social deseable, producto de la
competencia electoral en una entidad política. En tal sentido la calidad
informativa de las ofertas de los partidos y candidatos resulta relevante por
su capacidad (o probabilidad) de acercar la decisión electoral de los
ciudadanos con sus propios intereses, respecto a las potenciales consecuencias
de una determinada política, pues una de las cuestiones sustantivas dentro de
la teoría democrática constituye no solamente la decisión electoral, sino la
deliberación pública de los asuntos de interés general.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Así pues, examinar la publicidad
electoral televisiva utilizada por los candidatos significa también colocar el
acento en <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>la decisión electoral </i>(dimensión
de la democracia de calidad), particularmente “en la forma en que las
asociaciones e individuos se desempeñan para influir en las decisiones
políticas (el proceso de adopción de políticas públicas)”,</span><a
style='mso-footnote-id:ftn6' href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[6]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> porque la habilidad de los
electores para separar a los buenos gobernantes de los malos se encuentra
relacionada con la calidad de la información que disponen acerca de sus
representantes y actividades (Cleary, 2010). <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h3><a name="_Toc366717736"><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>1.1 Identificación de asuntos de interés general</span></a><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></h3>

<p class=MsoNoSpacing><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Una sociedad política con un sistema de gobierno
democrático debe estar ilustrada, o al menos hasta cierto punto, para
determinar qué es lo que quiere o considera mejor para sí (Dahl, 1992; 1998).
Es preciso que los ciudadanos tengan la oportunidad de conocer y evaluar las
políticas alternativas; comprender los medios, fines y consecuencias de las
mismas en relación al interés propio y el general (Dahl, 1992); requieren
contar con igualitarias y efectivas oportunidades para aprender sobre las
alternativas políticas relevantes; esto es, alcanzar la comprensión ilustrada
sobre los asuntos públicos (Dahl, 2006). Una democracia de calidad implica pues
la <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>participación informada de los
ciudadanos en procesos de votación libres, imparciales, y frecuentes</i>
(Levine y Molina, 2007: 23).<a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn7' href="#_ftn7"
name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[7]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Una de las cuestiones sustantivas dentro de la teoría
democrática constituye no solamente la decisión electoral, sino la deliberación
pública de los asuntos de interés general. Si nos apegamos al ideal democrático
referido por Dahl, la información necesaria y relevante para un pueblo con este
sistema de gobierno, es la que da cuenta de las diferentes alternativas
políticas (propuestas políticas); la que permite conocer sobre los medios,
fines y consecuencias de éstas. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>El instrumento elaborado por este
trabajo para medir la Calidad Informativa de la Publicidad Electoral Televisiva
(CIPET) tiene como sustento, el concepto de <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>responsividad
</i>-que como ya se señaló-<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> </i>implica un
proceso complejo, por tanto es imperativo acentuar que sólo se observa una
parte, que es la concerniente a las ofertas políticas de los candidatos
difundidas en los anuncios de televisión durante las campañas<i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Así, en línea con uno de los
principios fundamentales de la democracia, esto es, la deliberación pública de
asuntos de interés general, pero adaptado a la comunicación política mediática
televisiva publicitaria de los partidos, se establece que un spot electoral es
de mayor calidad informativa en la medida que su contenido está orientado a
asuntos públicos,<a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn8' href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8"
title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[8]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a>
un mensaje puede adoptar -al menos- tres orientaciones o estrategias referidas
a los mismos: la primera, mediante la narración o descripción de un problema;
la segunda, a través de declarar promesas, o plantear temas (caracterizadas por
un alto grado de abstracción); una tercera, presentando propuestas, las cuales
se pueden cristalizar en (instrumentos) de políticas públicas, también con
diversos grados de especificidad. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Una elección es de mayor calidad
informativa en tanto: 1) los partidos o candidatos discutan o refieran más asuntos
públicos, y, en consecuencia; 2) una razonable cantidad de ofertas políticas,
de acuerdo a las limitaciones del tiempo de una campaña, y; 3) en la medida en
que éstas se distingan unas de otras (determinabilidad). Por tanto, para seguir
la proposición arriba señalada, se puede argumentar que las campañas
publicitarias con mayor valor informativo son las que proponen más asuntos
públicos, y en específico, propuestas políticas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>El estudio se propuso como tarea
identificar los asuntos de interés general referidos en los anuncios, los
cuales pueden adoptar, como ya se mencionó, al menos tres orientaciones: 1)
definir problemas que requieren la atención pública; 2) expresar metas y
promesas políticas; 3) presentar propuestas y políticas públicas. A las
anteriores, se agregó una cuarta, promesas de responsabilidad política de
naturaleza distinta a las anteriores –más adelante se explica- (ver tabla 2.1)<i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>La clasificación de los anuncios
electorales se confeccionó, como ya se señaló,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>de acuerdo con uno de los presupuestos teóricos de la democracia, y en
segundo término, se enriqueció de algunos modelos y propuestas metodológicas
relativas a la clasificación de los temas en los spots que se estimaron
relevantes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=WordSection3>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
 style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
 mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width="100%" colspan=5 valign=top style='width:100.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Tabla 2.1
  Modelo de análisis de la Calidad Informativa de la Publicidad Electoral
  Televisiva<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width="17%" style='width:17.1%;border:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:
  text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:text1;padding:
  0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Dimensión de
  calidad democrática<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="20%" style='width:20.7%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Concepto<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="23%" style='width:23.48%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Sustento
  legal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="21%" style='width:21.62%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Tipos de
  spots<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="17%" style='width:17.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Estrategias
  discursivas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width="17%" rowspan=4 style='width:17.1%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Responsividad<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="20%" rowspan=4 style='width:20.7%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>El grado en que “los gobernantes,
  los políticos y líderes actúan de acuerdo con las preferencias de los
  ciudadanos”. (Powell, 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="23%" rowspan=4 style='width:23.48%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>La propaganda electoral deberá: <span
  style='color:black'>“propiciar la exposición, desarrollo y discusión ante el
  electorado de los programas y acciones fijados por los partidos políticos en
  sus documentos básicos y, particularmente, en la plataforma electoral que
  para la elección en cuestión hubieren registrado” Artículo 228, núm. 4.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="21%" style='width:21.62%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'>Problemas y preocupaciones del candidato.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'>Kaid y Johnston (2001)</span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="17%" style='width:17.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Problemas </span><span lang=ES
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES'>públicos</span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width="21%" style='width:21.62%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'>Temas, promesas, metas generales, propuestas vagas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'>Kaid y Johnston (2001); Benoit (2007); Echeverría y </span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Juárez (2011); Juárez y Brambila
  (2012)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="17%" style='width:17.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Metas y promesas políticas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width="21%" style='width:21.62%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'>Propuestas específicas, planes futuros, y políticas públicas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'>Kaid y Johnston (2001); Benoit (2007); Echeverría y </span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Juárez (2011); Juárez y Brambila
  (2012)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="17%" style='width:17.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Propuestas e instrumentos de
  políticas públicas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width="21%" style='width:21.62%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="17%" style='width:17.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Promesas de responsabilidad
  política<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Fuente</span></i><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>: Elaboración propia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=WordSection4>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>La categoría de <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>problemas públicos</i> se creó precisamente, siguiendo la lógica de la
discusión de temas en la agenda pública: primero se define un problema. Otros
estudios no refieren propiamente esto, el más cercano es el realizado por Kaid
y Johnston (2001), pero aluden a las preocupaciones del candidato, la cuestión
es que no siempre es el candidato el que las menciona, por otro lado no es lo
mismo una ‘preocupación’ que la definición de un problema público. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Aunque existe cierta coincidencia
respecto a la tipificación de spots calificados como <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>issues</i>, el estudio retoma las categorías propuestas por Benoit
(2007) para delimitar los mensajes aquí clasificados como <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>metas y promesas políticas,</i> y la categoría aquí denominada <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>propuestas e instrumentos de políticas
públicas </i>(conviene señalar que esta categoría se nutre además de la
adaptación que aquí se elabora del trabajo de Vedung).<a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn9' href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[9]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>A diferencia de los estudios aquí
considerados, no sólo se identifican las propuestas de los candidatos, sino que
se tipifican, permite observar qué instrumentos de política pública están
ofertando los candidatos y las prioridades que les asignan; también distingue
las prioridades asignadas a cada uno de los asuntos públicos según el orden en
que parecen en el spot, como por el número de menciones (ver tabla 2.2). A
continuación se explican las categorías aplicadas por el estudio. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=WordSection5>

<div align=center>

<table class=Sombreadoclaro1 border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=692
 style='width:519.35pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-top-alt:
 solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:-1;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastfirstrow:yes;
  height:14.15pt'>
  <td width=692 colspan=13 valign=top style='width:519.35pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:14.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoCaption align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;mso-yfti-cnfc:5'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX;font-weight:normal'>Tabla 2.2 Comparativo de clasificación de spots de
  acuerdo a temas y propuestas políticas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;height:108.15pt'>
  <td width=141 valign=top style='width:105.6pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:68'><b><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
  <td width=60 valign=top style='width:45.2pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Problemas y preocupaciones del
  candidato<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.55pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Temas, promesas, metas generales,
  propuestas vagas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Formas
  de resolver un problema<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.5pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Propuestas específicas, planes
  futuros, y políticas públicas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.55pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Promesas<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>de responsabilidad política<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.4pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Diferenciación
  de temas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Instrumentos
  de políticas públicas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Diferenciación
  de instrumentos<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.25pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Número
  de ofertas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.25pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Prioridad
  de problemas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.3pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Prioridad
  de temas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.4pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
  mso-rotate:90;height:108.15pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:5.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:
  64'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Prioridad
  de instr. de políticas públicas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=141 valign=top style='width:105.6pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
  150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;
  mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Kaid y Johnston (2001)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=60 valign=top style='width:45.2pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;</span></b><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;</span></b><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;</span></b><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.3pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.4pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=141 valign=top style='width:105.6pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:68'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
  150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Benoit
  (2007)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=60 valign=top style='width:45.2pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.55pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;</span></b><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.5pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;</span></b><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
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  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.25pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;</span></b><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.3pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;</span></b><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.4pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>&#9679;</span></b><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=141 valign=top style='width:105.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><b><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
  <td width=60 valign=top style='width:45.2pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=57 valign=top style='width:42.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=28 valign=top style='width:21.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=47 valign=top style='width:35.4pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:150%;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

</div>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Fuente:</span></i><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'> Elaboración propia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'><br clear=all
style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span></i>

<div class=WordSection6>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-MX'>Problemas públicos</span></i><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>.
Se clasifican en esta categoría (no exclusiva) los mensajes que refieran de
manera explícita y exclusiva un problema de interés general (ya sea que lo
nombre, defina, describa o explique). Los problemas suelen presentarse como una
dificultad para lograr algo valorado (salud, seguridad, bienestar); la carencia
o necesidad no satisfecha por cierta cuestión; se refiere a aquellas cuestiones
que afectan a la sociedad, o bien, a las oportunidades que se pueden mejorar, o
derechos no garantizados. En términos generales, se refiere a un c</span><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-MX'>onjunto de hechos o circunstancias que dificultan la consecución de
algún fin.</span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-MX'>Metas y promesas políticas</span></i><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-MX'>. Es una categoría de análisis exclusiva. En este tipo de mensajes el
candidato (u otro presentador), afirma, declara o promete atender cierta
cuestión de interés general, sin precisar el tipo de acción o política que
realizará para conseguirlo. Se tratan por lo general de mensajes que exponen
objetivos o finalidades deseadas o compartidas por la misma sociedad política.
Por lo general, son de carácter abstracto, no mencionan los medios para
alcanzarlos o efectuarlos (Benoit, 2007). Comúnmente tan sólo se declaran áreas
o asuntos, por ejemplo: salud, educación, empleo, etc. También suelen
presentarse del siguiente modo: “más educación”, “más seguridad”, “empleo para
todos”, y frases similares. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-MX'>Propuestas e instrumentos de políticas públicas</span></i><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>. Es una categoría de análisis exclusiva. Aquí se
consideran todos los spots en los que el candidato (u otro presentador) expresa
o enuncia atender cierta área, a partir de cierta acción a seguir. Por lo
general establecen o adoptan una secuencia medios-fines, por ejemplo: para que
tengas trabajo, facilitaremos créditos a los jóvenes para que emprendan su
propio negocio; para que puedas estudiar, se otorgarán becas a los jóvenes de
educación media y superior. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Una cuarta categoría que se decidió
crear por la naturaleza de las ofertas de los políticos, es la aquí denominada <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>promesas de responsabilidad política,</i> se
trata de ofertas que aluden a la conducta responsable del gobierno, es decir,
la denominada</span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> </span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-TRAD'>responsabilidad independiente<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>, </i>la
que confía el comportamiento del gobierno, en último término, a su propia
conciencia y competencia. La que se denomina funcional o técnica, esto es, la
que busca alcanzar un nivel adecuado de prestación en términos de capacidad y
eficiencia, la que sugiere la idea de un gobierno eficiente (Sartori, 1999).
Además </span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>tiene que ver
con la obligación que tienen los políticos electos de responder por las
decisiones políticas cuando sean cuestionados por los ciudadanos-electores u
otros órganos constitucionales (Morlino, 2002: 9); </span><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>se refiere a los mecanismos sociales e
institucionales que someten a los funcionarios a la rendición de cuentas y
posible sanción (Mainwaring citado por Levine y Molina, 2007).</span><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Siguiendo estos preceptos se
establecieron seis categorías (subtipos de ofertas) que aluden a promesas y
propuestas de esta naturaleza: rendición de cuentas; transparencia; honestidad;
revocabilidad de mandato; cercanía con la gente, y; participación política. Las
cuales se establecieron siguiendo los criterios o indicadores utilizados por
Beetham, Carvalho, y Weir (2009) para medir la responsabilidad. Al igual que en
los otros indicadores, se clasificaron todas las ofertas explícitas y
enunciadas verbalmente para evitar sesgos ligados a la subjetividad de los
codificadores.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Para
la identificación y tipificación de las propuestas difundidas en los anuncios
electorales, se adoptó la taxonomía sugerida por Vedung (1998) elaborada para
la clasificación de los instrumentos de políticas públicas, la cual puede
definirse como “conjunto de técnicas por las cuales las autoridades
gubernamentales ejercen su poder intentando asegurar apoyo y afectar o prevenir
el cambio social” (Vedung, 1998: 21).</span><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn10'
href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[10]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Su propuesta distingue tres
dimensiones: 1) las que implican la coerción (regulación), en el sentido de que
los gobernados actúan conforme lo estipulado por la autoridad, ya sea
sancionando o promoviendo; 2) las que se apoyan en el uso de la remuneración o
privación de recursos económicos o materiales, esto es, incentivando o
desincentivando a los gobernados a actuar de cierta manera, y finalmente; 3)
las que realizan apelaciones intelectuales y/o morales (información), es decir,
mediante la transferencia de conocimiento y provisión de información, el
argumento razonado y la persuasión, se busca influir en los individuos para
actuar en el modo deseado por el gobierno. La tabla que se presenta es una
adaptación del modelo original elaborado por Vedung (ver tabla 2.3).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=WordSection7>

<table class=Sombreadoclaro1 border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:-1;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastfirstrow:yes'>
  <td width=638 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:6.65in;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoCaption align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;page-break-after:avoid;mso-yfti-cnfc:5'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;font-weight:normal'>Tabla 2.3 Instrumentos de
  políticas públicas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'>
  <td width=133 valign=top style='width:99.9pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:68'><span lang=ES-TRAD
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;
  mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Regulaciones</span><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;
  mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=174 valign=top style='width:130.5pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Medios
  económicos</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'> en
  efectivo</span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=174 valign=top style='width:130.5pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><span lang=ES-TRAD
  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Medios
  económicos en especie<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=157 valign=top style='width:117.9pt;border:none;background:silver;
  mso-background-themecolor:text1;mso-background-themetint:63;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  text-align:center;line-height:150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:64'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Información<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=133 valign=top style='width:99.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:
  -.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo10;mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold'>Iniciativas, reformas, derogación de leyes, normas, reglamentaciones,
  etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  150%;mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
  150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=174 valign=top style='width:130.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
  margin-left:6.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
  margin-left:6.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Incentivos</span></i><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Efectivo o transferencias en efectivo para protección
  social (por ejemplo, a adultos mayores o madres solteras).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Becas (o becas-crédito o “salarios” a estudiantes).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Créditos, financiamiento (a personas o empresas).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Seguros<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>5.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Precios (justos/bajos)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>6.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Empleo a estudiantes (o egresados)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>7.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Exenciones o estímulos fiscales<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
  margin-left:6.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Desincentivos</span></i><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:
  -14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Impuestos o c</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:
  11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:
  ES-TRAD'>argos.</span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
  margin-left:13.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=174 valign=top style='width:130.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:
  6.35pt;line-height:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Incentivos</span></i><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Provisión
  de bienes por el<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>gobierno </span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Provisión
  de servicios por el<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>gobierno; mayor </span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>eficiencia y eficacia en la prestación del servicio,
  mejoramiento o ampliación.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'>Prestación de servicios
  públicos gratuitos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'>Mejor equipamiento de
  servicios públicos (por ejemplo, en salud, seguridad, educación)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>5.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'>Restructuración de la
  policía (“limpiar” los cuerpos de seguridad, exámenes de confianza, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>6.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'>Infraestructura
  (construcción de instalaciones para la prestación de un servicio o bien
  público).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>7.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'>Inversiones del gobierno<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;line-height:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=157 valign=top style='width:117.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;
  mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:17.1pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-11.55pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo9'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'>Capacitación, cursos, talleres, instrucción,
  conferencias, </span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;
  mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>demostraciones</span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:17.1pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-11.55pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo9'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><span style='mso-list:
  Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Investigación y publicidad</span><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
  mso-themeshade:191'> </span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
  margin-left:5.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
  margin-left:5.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>Fuente:</span></i><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'> Elaboración propia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'><br
clear=all style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span>

<div class=WordSection8>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;line-height:
150%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Los anteriores indicadores permiten
determinar en qué medida los candidatos utilizan la publicidad electoral para
identificar o definir problemas públicos, exponer metas o promesas, o bien,
propuestas y políticas públicas. Es preciso subrayar que en caso de que un
mensaje no entrara en alguna de las categorías anteriores, se considera
desprovisto de información relevante, de acuerdo con los propósitos del
estudio.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Consideraciones
finales.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Si bien existe dentro de la
academia un interés creciente por medir el valor informativo de la publicidad
electoral televisiva, poco incorpora dentro de sus modelos analíticos,
principios y criterios de la calidad de la democracia. La originalidad
conceptual del modelo de análisis de la investigación aquí propuesta reside en
partir de la<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> </i></span><span lang=ES
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES'>perspectiva procedimental de la democracia de calidad,
para proponer el concepto de responsividad como elemento central (pero no
exclusivo) para evaluar la calidad de las campañas, y de modo particular, la
publicidad electoral de los partidos y candidatos.</span><span lang=ES
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> </span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Esto
significa analizar las campañas electorales en su justa dimensión: la
proximidad de las ofertas de los políticos con las preferencias de los
electores. Aquí es donde se enlaza el concepto de responsividad con la
comprensión ilustrada (ver Dahl, 1998: 2006), la cual debe propiciarse en las
democracias en el periodo electoral con el objetivo de que los electores elijan
la opción política que más los represente. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Si
bien la investigación se apoya del concepto de responsividad para articular el
modelo de análisis de la calidad informativa (lo cual implica la oferta de los
políticos y las preferencias de los electores), el trabajo sólo se interesa por
la oferta programática, es decir, observa los esfuerzos realizados por los
actores políticos en la publicidad electoral, para hacer valer o legitimar sus
posiciones políticas, o bien, colocar en la agenda electoral sus propuestas
políticas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span lang=ES
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>E</span><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>l instrumento de análisis aquí
propuesto se nutre de indicadores utilizados en otras investigaciones pero los
organiza conceptualmente en torno a la idea de asuntos públicos. El trabajo
también propone un modelo novedoso, o al menos alternativo, para clasificar las
propuestas de los políticos, el cual es una adaptación de estudios vinculados a
las políticas públicas. Esto permite tener una idea más precisa de las
propuestas de los candidatos (otras investigaciones no alcanzan este grado más
fino).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Desde luego los partidos y
candidatos cuentan con diferentes canales para comunicarse con los electores,
algunos de los cuales les permiten presentar con mayor extensión o profundidad
sus ofertas políticas. La publicidad electoral televisiva no es el medio idóneo
para informar al elector dada su naturaleza persuasiva, sin embargo constituye
una de las principales herramientas con las que cuentan los políticos para
llegar a los votantes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Así pues, aún cuando la publicidad
electoral no constituye un medio adecuado para informar, es relevante por su
eficacia para ofrecer “atajos informativos” a los electores, y posicionar la
imagen e ideas del candidato de manera abreviada o sintética; porque permite
observar qué asuntos colocan en la agenda, qué problemas estiman importantes
para la sociedad política, y las soluciones que proponen para resolverlos. Esto
permite obtener una idea de la “salud” del espacio de la comunicación política,
y de la democracia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Para
finalizar, este trabajo propone un modelo para observar qué tanto discuten los
candidatos asuntos públicos a través de tres estrategias discursivas (cuatro,
si se agrega el indicador denominado promesas de responsabilidad política) en
la publicidad electoral televisiva. Esto significa que sólo se ofrecería una
mirada de lo que acontece en las campañas (sólo se analiza un canal
informativo), de modo que aún cuando sus resultados registraran que poco o nada
se discute sobre asuntos públicos en la publicidad, esto no supone
necesariamente que los candidatos hagan lo mismo en otros canales.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'><br clear=all
style='page-break-before:auto;mso-break-type:section-break'>
</span></b>

<div class=WordSection9>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Referencias<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Aceves, F. y Sánchez, L. F.
(2006). Efectos de la publicidad electoral, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Mexicana
de Comunicación</i>, (101).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Aceves, F. y Sánchez, L. F.
(2008). La regresión democrática en el 2006. Saldos de la publicidad mediática
negativa y las instituciones electorales. En Aimée Vega, Portillo, Repoll (Eds.).
<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Las claves necesarias de una comunicación
para la democracia</i>, AMIC-UJAT.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Aguayo, S. (2010). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Vuelta en U. Guía para entender y reactivar
la democracia estacada</i>. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Taurus.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Bartolini,
S. (2002). Electoral and Party Competition: Analitical Dimensions and Empírical
Problems. En <span style='background:#F8F8F8'>Gunther, R., Montero, J. R.,
&amp; Linz, J. (Eds.) (2002).<span class=apple-converted-space>&nbsp;</span><i>Political
parties: Old concepts and new challenges</i></span>. Oxford.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Beetham,
D., <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Carvalho E., Landman T.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'>y
Weir S. (2009). </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Evaluar la calidad de la
democracia. Guía práctica</span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>.
IDEA Internacional.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Beltrán, U. (2009). </span><span
lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;background:#F8F8F8;mso-ansi-language:ES'>Publicidad y
preferencias.<span class=apple-converted-space>&nbsp;</span><i>Política y
gobierno</i>,<span class=apple-converted-space>&nbsp;</span><i>16</i>(1b).</span><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Beltrán, U. (2009a). </span><span
lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
background:#F8F8F8;mso-ansi-language:ES'>Introducción El proceso electoral:
Precampañas, campañas y resultado.<span class=apple-converted-space>&nbsp;</span></span><i><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
background:#F8F8F8'>Política y Gobierno</span></i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";background:#F8F8F8'>,
(1), 5-39.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Benoit,
W. (2007).&nbsp;<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Communication in
political campaigns</i>. Peter Lang Publishing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Birkland,
Thomas A. (2001). <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>An Introduction to the
Policy Process. Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making</i>.
M.E. Sharpe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Bretón, J.A. (1999). Análisis
crítico a la publicidad política en México. En Orozco Henríquez, J. Jesús, Administración
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Congreso Internacional de Derecho Electoral II. TRIFE, IFE, UNAM. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Chihu, A. (2010).<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>El
framing del spot político</i>. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>UAM Iztapalapa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Cleary,
M. (2010).<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>The Sources of Responsiveness
in México</i>. University of Notre Dame Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Contreras, J. (2006). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>El encanto audiovisual y la política: Una
mirada reflexiva sobre el spot político-electoral televisivo</i>. Tesis de
Maestría. FLACSO.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Dahl, R. (1992). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>La democracia y sus críticos</i>.
Paidós.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Dahl, R. (1998).&nbsp;<i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>La democracia. Una guía para los ciudadanos</i>.
</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Taurus.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Dahl,
R. (2006). <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>On political Equality</i>.
[Versión EPUB]. Yale Press, New Haven &amp; London<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>4).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> </span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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background:#F8F8F8;mso-ansi-language:ES'>Juárez, J. </span><span lang=ES-TRAD
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Recuperado de: </span><a
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"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>http://www.revistalatinacs.org/09/art/858_UNAM/59_93_Juarez.html</span></a><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
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"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Moreno, A. (2009). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>La decisión electoral. Votantes, partidos y
democracia en México</i>. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Porrúa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
background:#F8F8F8'>Morlino, L. (2002, October). What is a “good” democracy?
Theory and empirical analysis. In<span class=apple-converted-space>&nbsp;</span><i>paper
delivered at conference on ‘The European Union, Nations State, and the Quality
of Democracy: Lessons from Southern Europe’, University of California,
Berkeley, Oct.–Nov</i>.</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Pérez, A. (2009). </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Campañas negativas, identidad
partidista y sofisticación política en la elección presidencial de México en el
2006</span></i><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>. </span><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Tesis
de Doctorado. FLACSO.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Powell,
G. (2004). The Chain of Responsiveness, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Journal
of Democracy</i>. </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>15</span></i><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>(4).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Salazar, R. (2008). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Entre cuñados y chachalacas. El impacto
electoral de los mensajes negativos en la elección presidencial mexicana de
2006</i>. Documentos de Trabajo. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Sánchez, L.F. (2004). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>El origen del marketing político y sus
implicaciones en la democracia jalisciense</i>. En Russi, B. <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Anuario de Investigación de la Comunicación.
XI</i>. CONEICC-UI.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Sánchez, L.F. (2005). El uso del
marketing político y sus consecuencias para la democracia, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>Comunicación y Sociedad</i>, (4), <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Sánchez, L.F. (2007). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>La publicidad política negativa y su
incidencia en las percepciones sobre la democracia en los jóvenes estudiantes
de la Universidad de Guadalajara: El caso de la elección a la presidencia de la
República de México en el 2006</i>. Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Sociales.
Universidad de Guadalajara. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Sánchez, L.F. y Aceves, F. (2008).
Campañas políticas y configuración del voto electoral en 2006. Encuestas electorales
y publicidad política, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Revista Mexicana
de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales</i>. <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>50</i>(202),
93.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";background:white;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Sartori, G.
(1999).<span class=apple-converted-space>&nbsp;</span><i>Elementos de teoría
política</i>. Alianza.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Temkin, B. y Salazar, R.(2010). Libertad
de expresión y campañas negativas, (12). Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial
de la Federación.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Torres, L. C. (2002). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>El uso de las emociones en los spots
políticos. El caso de las elecciones para gobernador en Jalisco 2000</i>,
Departamento de Estudios de la Comunicación Social.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Trejo, R. (2001). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Mediocracia sin mediaciones. Prensa,
televisión y elecciones</i>. Cal y Arena.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Trejo, R. (2010). <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Simpatía por el rating</i>. Cal y Arena.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Vega, A. (2000). El manejo de las
emociones en las campañas electorales del 2000 de México y España, <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y
Sociales</i>, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>44</i>(180).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Vedung,
E. (1998). Policy Instruments: Typologies and Theories. En <span
style='background:#F8F8F8'>Bemelmans-Videc, M. L., Rist, R. C., &amp; Vedung,
E. O. (Eds.). (2011).<span class=apple-converted-space>&nbsp;</span><i>Carrots,
sticks, and sermons: Policy instruments and their evaluation</i><span
class=apple-converted-space>&nbsp;</span>(Vol. 1). Transaction Publishers.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Virriel, C. (2000). </span><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>El problema de la credibilidad de los spots políticos,
<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y
Sociales</i>, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>44</i>(180).</span><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Anexos.
</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Libro de códigos para analizar la publicidad
electoral televisiva<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Para medir la calidad informativa de los mensajes en
la publicidad electoral televisiva se establecieron cuatro indicadores: Identificación
de problemas; metas y promesas políticas; propuestas e instrumentos de
políticas públicas; propuestas de responsabilidad.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Identificación de problema. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>El spot expresa de manera explícita uno o varios
problemas (de modo verbal o escrito). Lo cual</span><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> </span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-TRAD'>puede darse a través de opiniones, o bien, a partir de hechos o
ciertas evidencias presentadas en el mensaje. Los problemas suelen presentarse
como una dificultad para lograr algo valorado (salud, seguridad, bienestar), o
como la carencia o necesidad de algo. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>El codificador seleccionará de una
lista o bien, registrará en el formato, los problemas que se expongan de modo
explícito en el mensaje televisivo. En caso de no estar en la lista los
problemas señalados en el spot, el codificador puede anotarlos en el espacio
correspondiente, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>tal cual</i> como lo
señale el candidato o presentador en el mensaje. Los problemas se anotarán
según el orden en que fueron mencionados en el spot. Se pueden anotar hasta
cuatro en este apartado.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
 style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
 mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width="100%" colspan=4 valign=top style='width:100.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>¿El spot declara o expone un
  problema? (1) Sí (2) No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Problema (1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Problema (2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Problema (3)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Problema (4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Pobreza,
  marginación,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>exclusión.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Inseguridad,
  crimen, violencia. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Desempleo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Inflación,
  crisis, falta de crecimiento económico.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Corrupción.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  line-height:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>6.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Impuestos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>7.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Campo.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>8.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Obra
  pública (sin especificar materia).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>9.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Agua.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>10.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Salud.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>11.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Salud.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>12.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Tráfico.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>13.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Abuso de poder, autoritarismo, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>14.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Educación.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>15.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Injusticia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>16.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Discriminación,<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>inequidad de género<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>17.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>“Olvido” del Gobierno, no tomar en cuenta
  la opinión o necesidades de la gente.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>18.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Alumbrado público.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>19.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Ilegalidad,<span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>no respetar la ley.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>20.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Otros.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  line-height:normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:center 220.95pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:center 220.95pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Metas y promesas políticas<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>                               </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Deben presentarse de manera verbal y explícita,
aunque también son válidas las escritas. Aquí se consideran todos los mensajes
en los que se enuncia un objetivo por lo general abstracto. El candidato no
refiere los medios a través de los cuales se pretenden alcanzar ciertos
objetivos, de modo que sólo se declaran áreas o temas: salud, educación,
empleo, etc. Las promesas o metas suelen presentarse del siguiente modo: “más
educación”, “seguridad”, o “empleo para todos”, entre otros. También suelen
exponerse en modo de deseos (expresados por otros actores en el mensaje). La
meta o promesa política puede ser declarada por el candidato, otro actor, una
voz en <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>off</i>, o bien, de manera
escrita.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
 style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
 mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:15.25pt'>
  <td width="100%" valign=top style='width:100.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.25pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>¿El candidato o presentador
  declara o enuncia una promesa o propuesta en el spot? (1) Sí (2) No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width="100%" valign=top style='width:100.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>1) Sí, metas y promesas
  políticas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>2) Sí, p</span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>ropuestas e instrumentos de
  políticas públicas</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>.</span></b><span lang=ES-TRAD
  style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>3) Sí, 1. Metas y promesas
  políticas y; 2. P</span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
  105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>ropuestas
  e instrumentos de políticas públicas</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>.</span></b><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>4) No.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
 style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
 mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:19.75pt'>
  <td width="100%" colspan=4 style='width:100.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Metas y promesas políticas</span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:19.75pt'>
  <td width="25%" style='width:25.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:
  text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:text1;padding:
  0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Metas y promesas (1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Metas y promesas (2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Metas y promesas (3)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:12.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.75pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Metas y promesas (4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:83.65pt'>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:83.65pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Empleo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
  style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Seguridad, tranquilidad, orden.</span><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
  style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Educación</span><span lang=ES-TRAD
  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span
  style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Salud</span><span lang=ES-TRAD
  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span
  style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Agricultura/campo</span><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>6.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Economía,
  estabilidad, tranquilidad, austeridad, crecimiento económico.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;line-height:115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:83.65pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>7.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Impuestos<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>8.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Regulación
  / leyes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:12.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-11.15pt;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>9.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Infraestructura/Obra pública (sin especificar)<a
  style='mso-footnote-id:ftn11' href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span
  class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
  class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
  Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;
  mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[11]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>10.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Transporte <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>11.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Cultura <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>12.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Energía<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>13.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Deporte<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:83.65pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>14.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Turismo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>15.<span
  style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Ciencia y Tecnología</span><span
  lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>16.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Equidad de género<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>17.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Medio ambiente<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>18.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Paz o paz Social<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:115%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>19.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%'>Bienestar social, nivel, calidad de vida, desarrollo
  humano.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="25%" valign=top style='width:25.0%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:83.65pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:105%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>20.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%'>Asistencia Social, protección social a grupos vulnerables:
  tercera edad, atención a madres solteras. actividades del DIF. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:105%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>21.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%'>Comunicaciones.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:105%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>22.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%'>Pesca<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:105%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>23.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%'>Agua<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;
  text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:105%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-fareast-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>24.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%'>Otros<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Propuestas e instrumentos de políticas
públicas</span></i><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>.</span></b><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-TRAD'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Aquí se consideran todos los spots en los que el
candidato (u otro presentador) exprese o enuncie atender cierta área, a partir
de cierta acción a seguir. Por lo general establecen o adoptan una secuencia
medios-fines, por ejemplo: para contar con una mayor seguridad, se capacitarán
a los cuerpos policiacos; para que puedas estudiar, se otorgarán becas a los
jóvenes de educación media y superior; salud para todos, construiremos dos
hospitales regionales.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Existen diferentes tipos de propuestas, del mismo
modo que el grado de especificidad. Por ejemplo, pueden establecer ciertas
metas, las cuales se caracterizan por decir cuánto se logrará, y en qué tiempo;
ampliar presupuestos a ciertas áreas o sectores; otorgar subsidios; indicar la
creación de programas, entre otros. La propuesta puede ser presentada por el
candidato, una voz en <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>off</i> o de manera
escrita.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
 style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
 mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:12.35pt'>
  <td width="100%" colspan=3 valign=top style='width:100.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:12.35pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:
  normal'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ES-MX
  style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:15.25pt'>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.25pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Propuesta (1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.25pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'>Propuesta (2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.32%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.25pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Propuesta (3)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:15.25pt'>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.25pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Propuesta (4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.25pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.32%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:15.25pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:83.65pt'>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:83.65pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Efectivo
  o transferencias en efectivo para protección social (por ejemplo, a adultos
  mayores o madres solteras).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Becas
  (o becas-crédito o “salarios” a estudiantes).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Créditos,
  financiamiento (a personas o empresas).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Seguros<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>6.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Bienes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>7.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Mayor
  eficiencia y eficacia en la prestación del servicio, mejoramiento o
  ampliación.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:83.65pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>8.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Iniciativas,
  reformas, derogación de leyes, normas, reglamentaciones, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:15.85pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>9.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Inversión<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:20.4pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>10.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Impuestos (o estímulos fiscales).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:18.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>11.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Infraestructura (construcción de
  instalaciones para la prestación de un servicio o bien público).<a
  style='mso-footnote-id:ftn12' href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span
  class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
  class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
  Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;
  mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'>[12]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:18.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>12.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Empleo a estudiantes (o egresados)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify;line-height:115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.32%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:83.65pt'>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:18.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>13.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Capacitación, cursos, talleres,
  instrucción, información.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:18.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>14.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Mejor equipamiento de servicios públicos
  (por ejemplo, en salud, seguridad, educación)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:18.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>15.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Prestación de servicios públicos gratuitos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:18.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>16.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Restructuración de la policía (“limpiar”
  los cuerpos de seguridad, exámenes de confianza, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:18.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
  auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-list:Ignore'>17.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt'>Otros.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Propuestas con orientación de
responsabilidad<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>. <o:p></o:p></b></span></i></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Responden a la pregunta siguiente: ¿Cómo propone
gobernar el candidato? Se codificarán aquellas que sean expresadas de manera
explícita, vinculadas a los siguientes conceptos: participación, transparencia,
rendición de cuentas, honestidad, cercanía a la gente, revocabilidad de los
mandatos. Pueden ser más o menos generales o abstractas. Según establezcan
objetivos, o bien, señalen ciertos medios para alcanzarlos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
 style='width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
 mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width="100%" colspan=3 valign=top style='width:100.0%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>P. Responsabilidad (1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>P. Responsabilidad (2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.32%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>P. Responsabilidad (3)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Rendición de cuentas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;
  line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  ES'>¿El candidato expresa o manifiesta rendir cuentas a los ciudadanos
  durante su gobierno en caso de ganar la elección?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES'>Honestidad <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES'>¿El candidato promete gobernar de manera honesta? O
  bien ¿especifica alguna política para disuadir o sancionar los actos de
  corrupción<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>de los funcionarios
  públicos?</span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.32%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>Cercano a la gente <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES'>¿El candidato declara o manifiesta consultar o escuchar
  las necesidades, deseos o preocupaciones de los ciudadanos durante su
  gobierno?</span><span lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border:solid black 1.0pt;
  mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'>Transparencia <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'>¿El candidato promete gobernar con
  transparencia o poner al alcance de los ciudadanos la información
  gubernamental o relativa a asuntos públicos?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.34%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'>Revocación de mandato<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  115%'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>¿El candidato especifica algún mecanismo de
  consulta popular para legitimar o validar la actuación del gobierno? </span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width="33%" valign=top style='width:33.32%;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
  border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt:
  solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt;
  mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
  text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
  justify'><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES'><span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Participación política. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span
  lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:ES'>¿El candidato expresa o manifiesta gobernar con la
  participación de la gente? O bien, ¿especifica algún mecanismo de
  participación ciudadana sobre asuntos públicos o de gobierno?</span><span
  lang=ES-MX style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:105%;mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote-list'><![if !supportFootnotes]><br clear=all>

<hr align=left size=1 width="33%">

<![endif]>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn1>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify'><a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn1' href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=ES style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[1]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> Ver los trabajos de </span><span
lang=ES-MX style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:ES'>Ferrer,
1995; Bretón, 1999; Vega, 2000; </span><span lang=ES style='mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Virriel, 2000; Trejo, 2001; Gómez, 2002; Torres, 2002;
Márquez, 2003; Sánchez, 2004; 2005; 2007; Contreras, 2006; Lozano, 2006;
Gisselquist y Chappel 2006; Gutiérrez, 2007; López, 2007; Aceves y Sánchez,
2006; 2008; Sánchez y Aceves, 2008; Moreno, 2003; 2009; Juárez, 2007; 2009;
2009a; 2009b; 2009c; 2010; 2012; Beltrán, 2009; 2009a; Espino, 2009;
Freidenberg y González, 2009; Pérez, 2009; Luna, 2009; 2011; Aguayo, 2010;
Chihu, 2010; Lugo, 2010; Temkin y Salazar, 2010; Trejo, 2010; Echeverría y
Juárez, 2011; Jara, 2011; Guerrero y Arellano, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn2>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href="#_ftnref2"
name="_ftn2" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[2]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES> Se emplea el ejemplo de Powell (2004).</span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn3>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify'><a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn3' href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=ES><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[3]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> “If none of the party choices are related to
what citizens want, then the chain of democratic responsiveness is broken at
its first link. There must be at least one party or candidate that offers the
alternative the citizens most desire” (Powell, 2004: 93-94).<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn4>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify'><a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn4' href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=ES><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[4]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES> </span><span lang=ES style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Bartolini
(2002) establece al menos cuatro condiciones para alcanzar la responsividad</span><span
lang=ES>: a. disputabilidad electoral (<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>electoral
contestability</i>); b. disponibilidad electoral; c. vulnerabilidad electoral d.
determinabilidad electoral (<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>electoral
decidability</i>), </span><span lang=ES style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>esta
última es la que se interesa por la calidad de las ofertas</span><span lang=ES>
(2002: 90).</span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn5>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify'><a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn5' href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=ES><span style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[5]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Traducción mía. “In order to make a choice voters must perceive
differences among parties/candidates in terms of emphasis, priority, or
performance”. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn6>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn6' href="#_ftnref6"
name="_ftn6" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[6]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES> Ver Levine y Molina </span><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.0pt'>(2007:
23)</span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn7>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn7' href="#_ftnref7"
name="_ftn7" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[7]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> Las cursivas son mías.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn8>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:normal'><a
style='mso-footnote-id:ftn8' href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[8]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> </span><span lang=ES-MX
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
ES-MX'>Para determinar lo que se entiende por asuntos públicos es preciso
acogerse al concepto de agenda, la cual puede entenderse como “la colección de
problemas, el entendimiento de las causas, símbolos, soluciones, y otros
elementos de los problemas públicos que ganan la atención del público y del
gobierno” Birkland (2001). <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><span lang=ES-MX style='mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn9>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn9' href="#_ftnref9"
name="_ftn9" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[9]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'> Las categorías retomadas por el
estudio son: </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=ES-MX
style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX'>general goals y future plans. </span></i><span
lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

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<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn10>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify'><a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn10' href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[10]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> “</span><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>the set of
techniques by which governmental authorities wield their power in attempting to
ensure support or prevent social change”. </span><span lang=ES-TRAD
style='mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>T</span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:
ES-TRAD'>raducción propia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn11>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn11' href="#_ftnref11"
name="_ftn11" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[11]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES> </span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>En el
anuncio de televisión tan sólo se indica la construcción de infraestructura, o
bien, obra pública, pero sin especificar en qué consiste.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

</div>

<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn12>

<p class=MsoFootnoteText><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn12' href="#_ftnref12"
name="_ftn12" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=ES style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
105%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
ES;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:EN-US'>[12]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
lang=ES> </span><span lang=ES-TRAD style='mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD'>Aquí se
indica en qué consiste la obra pública o la infraestructura que se construirá,
por ejemplo: construir 3 hospitales regionales, la creación de la autopista
México-Querétaro. <o:p></o:p></span></p>

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