Analyzing populism in Latin American leaders through an X corpus

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29105/gmjmx23.45-567

Keywords:

populism, moral foundations, sentiment analysis, politicians, social media

Abstract

Populism constructs a moral antagonism between a “pure people” and a “corrupt elite,” mobilizing moral intuitions and affective responses. This study examined the moral foundations and emotional valence present in the discourse of four Latin American populist leaders on the social media platform X: Javier Milei, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Nayib Bukele, and Nicolás Maduro. Through a computational analysis of 3,843 tweets, the AFINN lexicon was used to assess emotional valence, while a Spanish adaptation of the Moral Foundations Dictionary was employed to identify moral dimensions. Authority emerged as the moral foundation shared by all four leaders, whereas complementary foundations varied according to ideological orientation. Milei’s discourse was characterized by the moral denunciation of opponents, focusing on the harm and degradation attributed to “the caste”; Bukele articulated authority, care, and loyalty within a paternalistic framework; Fernández de Kirchner combined authority with denunciations of harm and injustice; and Maduro integrated authority, ideological purity, and loyalty to the movement. Regarding emotional valence, Maduro displayed the most positive and stable tone, whereas Milei exhibited the most neutral and variable one. The findings suggest that authority constitutes a structural feature of contemporary Latin American populist discourse.

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Published

2026-07-31

How to Cite

Duhalde, N., Espósito Santamaría, A., Roca, M. A., Biglieri, J. A., & Jaume, L. C. (2026). Analyzing populism in Latin American leaders through an X corpus. Global Media Journal México, 23(45), 66–89. https://doi.org/10.29105/gmjmx23.45-567